SS-31 50mg Per Vial

What is SS-31?

SS-31, also known as Elamipretide, MTP-131 and Bendavia, is a synthetic mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide that has attracted significant scientific interest for its role in mitochondrial function.

Mitochondria are often described as the powerhouses of our cells because they are responsible for producing most of the energy cells need to function.

SS-31 is particularly interesting because it is designed to target the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it interacts with a specialised phospholipid called cardiolipin.

Cardiolipin plays an important role in maintaining mitochondrial membrane structure and supporting the processes involved in cellular energy production.

By interacting with cardiolipin, SS-31 is being investigated for its potential to support mitochondrial membrane organisation, cellular energy production and mitochondrial efficiency.

Unlike compounds that primarily target hormonal or metabolic receptors, SS-31 focuses directly on mitochondrial biology.

It represents an important area of research into cellular energy, oxidative stress and mitochondrial health.

Why is SS-31 interesting?

Mitochondrial function is essential for almost every tissue in the body.

When mitochondria are functioning properly, they help cells convert nutrients into ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), the main energy currency used by cells.

Researchers are particularly interested in SS-31 because of its interaction with cardiolipin and its potential influence on:

• Mitochondrial membrane integrity
• Cellular energy production
• ATP generation
• Oxidative stress pathways
• Electron transport chain activity
• Mitochondrial structure
• Cellular metabolic function

These mechanisms have made SS-31 an important subject in research involving mitochondrial dysfunction.

SS-31 & Mitochondrial Function

To understand SS-31, it helps to understand how mitochondria work.

Inside each mitochondrion is an inner membrane containing specialised structures responsible for producing cellular energy.

This membrane contains cardiolipin, a unique phospholipid that helps maintain its structure and supports important proteins involved in energy production.

SS-31 has been shown to selectively interact with cardiolipin. This interaction is being investigated for its ability to:

• Stabilise mitochondrial membrane structure
• Support the organisation of mitochondrial cristae
• Influence electron transport chain activity
• Reduce excessive mitochondrial oxidative stress
• Support mitochondrial bioenergetics

The goal of this research is to better understand how maintaining mitochondrial structure may influence cellular energy production.

SS-31 & Cardiolipin

One of the most interesting features of SS-31 is its relationship with cardiolipin.

Cardiolipin is a specialised lipid found predominantly in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It plays several important roles:

• Maintains mitochondrial membrane architecture.
• Helps organise proteins involved in energy production.
• Supports the electron transport chain.
• Contributes to mitochondrial membrane stability.
• Participates in important cellular signalling processes.

When mitochondrial function becomes impaired, cardiolipin can undergo oxidative changes that may affect mitochondrial performance.

SS-31 binds to cardiolipin through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions.

Researchers are investigating how this interaction may help maintain mitochondrial membrane organisation and protect important mitochondrial processes.

SS-31 & ATP Production

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the primary energy-carrying molecule used by cells.

Everyday cellular processes, including muscle contraction, nerve signalling, tissue maintenance and metabolic reactions, depend on ATP.

Mitochondria produce ATP through a process called oxidative phosphorylation.

This involves the electron transport chain, a series of protein complexes located within the inner mitochondrial membrane.

SS-31 has been investigated for its ability to influence mitochondrial bioenergetics by interacting with cardiolipin and supporting the organisation and function of mitochondrial membrane proteins.

Preclinical studies have reported improvements in mitochondrial respiration and ATP production under certain conditions.

This makes SS-31 particularly interesting in research exploring mitochondrial energy production.

SS-31 & Oxidative Stress

Oxidative stress occurs when the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceeds the cell's ability to regulate them.

Mitochondria naturally produce reactive oxygen species during energy production. However, dysfunctional mitochondria can generate excessive amounts, potentially contributing to oxidative damage.

Research into SS-31 has explored its potential to:

• Reduce excessive mitochondrial ROS production.
• Influence oxidative stress pathways.
• Protect mitochondrial membrane components.
• Support mitochondrial bioenergetics.
• Maintain mitochondrial structural integrity.

Importantly, SS-31 is not simply a conventional antioxidant. Its proposed mechanism involves its interaction with cardiolipin and mitochondrial membrane function.

SS-31 & Muscle Function

Muscle tissue has particularly high energy requirements.

Muscle cells depend heavily on mitochondria to generate the ATP needed for contraction, movement and normal muscle function.

Because of this, mitochondrial dysfunction has become an important area of investigation in muscle-related research.

SS-31 has been studied in conditions involving impaired mitochondrial function, including primary mitochondrial myopathies and Barth syndrome.

Researchers are investigating its potential relationship with:

• Mitochondrial energy production in muscle.
• Muscle performance and function.
• Mitochondrial oxidative stress.
• Cellular energy availability.
• Muscle-related mitochondrial disorders.

Human clinical studies have been conducted in these areas, although results have varied depending on the condition and clinical outcome being measured.

SS-31 & Cellular Ageing Research

Mitochondrial function is an important area of ageing research.

As cells age, changes in mitochondrial function, energy production and oxidative balance may occur.

Because SS-31 interacts with cardiolipin and mitochondrial membrane structures, researchers have investigated its potential relevance to age-related mitochondrial dysfunction.

Areas of interest include:

• Mitochondrial integrity.
• Cellular bioenergetics.
• Oxidative stress regulation.
• Mitochondrial membrane function.
• Cellular energy metabolism.

This has made SS-31 an interesting compound in experimental research exploring mitochondrial ageing.

However, it has not been established as an anti-ageing treatment in humans.

What makes SS-31 different?

• Mitochondria-targeting: Designed to accumulate within mitochondria and interact with their inner membrane.
• Cardiolipin interaction: Selectively binds cardiolipin, a phospholipid essential for mitochondrial structure and function.
• ATP research: Investigated for its influence on mitochondrial respiration and ATP production.
• Oxidative stress: Studied for its ability to reduce excessive mitochondrial ROS production.
• Cellular energy: Focuses on mitochondrial bioenergetics rather than conventional hormonal pathways.
• Muscle research: Investigated in mitochondrial disorders affecting muscle function.
• Ageing research: Being explored for its potential relevance to age-related mitochondrial changes.

What Does the Research Show?

SS-31 has been investigated in laboratory studies, animal models and human clinical trials.

Key research findings include:

1. Cardiolipin interaction

Research has demonstrated that SS-31 binds to cardiolipin within the inner mitochondrial membrane, influencing mitochondrial membrane organisation.

2. Mitochondrial energy production

Preclinical studies have reported improvements in mitochondrial respiration and ATP production under certain experimental conditions.

3. Oxidative stress

Research has demonstrated reductions in excessive mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production in experimental models.

4. Muscle-related mitochondrial research

Clinical trials have investigated SS-31 in people with primary mitochondrial myopathy and other mitochondrial disorders. However, a major Phase 3 trial did not meet its primary efficacy endpoints.

5. Barth syndrome

Elamipretide received FDA approval in September 2025 under the brand name Forzinity for improving muscle strength in adults and children with Barth syndrome who weigh at least 30kg.

This is a specific medical indication and does not establish effectiveness for general mitochondrial health, athletic performance, anti-ageing or other proposed applications.

A New Direction in Mitochondrial Research

SS-31 represents an interesting development in mitochondrial science because it focuses on one of the most important structures involved in cellular energy production: the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Its interaction with cardiolipin has opened further research into how mitochondrial structure, oxidative stress and cellular energy production are interconnected.

As research continues, scientists are investigating the role of mitochondrial-targeting compounds in understanding cellular bioenergetics and mitochondrial dysfunction.

SS-31 remains an important subject in mitochondrial research, particularly in areas involving cardiolipin, cellular energy and mitochondrial membrane integrity.

SS-31 50mg: Research Areas at a Glance

Mitochondrial Function • Cardiolipin Interaction • ATP Production • Cellular Energy • Oxidative Stress • Mitochondrial Integrity • Muscle Function Research • Cellular Bioenergetics • Mitochondrial Ageing Research

Product Details

• Product: SS-31 (Elamipretide)
• Size: 50mg per vial
• Format: Synthetic mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide
• Category: Mitochondrial research compound
• BAC Water: Included
• Price: R1,650.00
• Intended use: Laboratory and scientific research only

Research Disclaimer

SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a research compound. Although an FDA-approved prescription formulation exists for the specific treatment of Barth syndrome in the United States, this does not mean that all SS-31 products or formulations are approved medicines.

The Peptigen research product is not represented as FDA-approved Forzinity or as a substitute for an authorised prescription medicine. Its quality, safety and effectiveness must not be assumed equivalent to an approved pharmaceutical formulation.

Research findings discussed on this page include laboratory, animal and human clinical research. Results from one research setting or medical condition should not be interpreted as proof of benefits in other populations or applications.

Peptigen products are provided for laboratory research purposes only. Information is presented for general scientific and educational purposes and should not be considered medical advice or a treatment recommendation.

Peptigen does not provide dosing, administration or reconstitution guidance for research compounds. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring that research materials are handled within an appropriate research environment and in accordance with relevant laws, regulations, laboratory protocols and safety requirements.

Research use only.

PEPTIGEN

Peptigen.
Quality. Research. Potential.